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External militant democracy: The case of Bosnia & Herzegovina

Imagine a politician winning a democratic election. He/She enters office with a mandate from thousands of voters, only to discover that an unelected official can remove him from office, invalidate laws adopted by parliament, and effectively reshape the constitutional framework within which he operates. In most constitutional democracies, such a scenario would appear inconceivable. In … →

Two Recent Strasbourg Judgments Against Bosnia and Herzegovina: Extending the Prohibition of Ethnic Exclusion in Access to Public Office

Introduction The judgments delivered by the European Court of Human Rights on 3 February 2026 in Begić v. Bosnia and Herzegovina and Begić v. Bosnia and Herzegovina (No 2) represent another important development in the Court’s anti-discrimination jurisprudence concerning the constitutional order of Bosnia and Herzegovina. In both cases, the Court found a violation of … →

Operationalising Fundamentals: Rule of Law Conditionality in the EU Growth Plan

The EU Growth Plan for the Western Balkans was introduced in 2023 as a complementary enlargement instrument designed to foster economic convergence and social development alongside the broader Europeanisation process. What distinguishes this instrument, however, is not merely its economic ambition but its method – modelled on the Recovery and Resilience Facility, the Growth Plan … →