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When “Less Than” is not “Equal to” – A silent risk to the right of appeal

Introduction When we speak about the right to justice, we often think of grand constitutional principles or international treaties. But sometimes, the strength of that right depends on the smallest details, like whether the word “less” also means “equal.” The principle of access to justice is one of the cornerstones of both the Albanian constitutional …

Beyond the Mandate: The ECJ’s Entry into Bulgaria’s Rule of Law Landscape

Bulgaria is an EU Member State facing long-standing rule of law concerns, including persistent deficiencies in judicial independence and an increasingly troubling pattern of fundamental rights violations. Compared to other EU Member States with similar entrenched structural problems, like Poland, Hungary or Romania, Bulgaria has not featured prominently in the Commission’s rule of law enforcement …

The Cancellation of the Romanian Presidential Elections in 2024: Judgment No. 32 of the Constitutional Court of Romania

On December 6, 2024, the Constitutional Court of Romania (CCR) cancelled the first round of the Romanian presidential elections through its Judgment No. 32. The Court justified the cancellation with declassified reports from Romania’s intelligence services, alleging voter manipulation, the distortion of equal opportunities for electoral competitors, and campaign financing from undeclared sources. Various parties …